Water quality modeling facilitates a better understanding of the processes occurring in a water body as well as the conservation programs to address them. The WASP model was used in this study to evaluate the amount of nitrate and phosphate pollution in Miankala Wetland. The wetland environment was divided into 76 sections with morphological, environmental and flow details as input to the model. The monthly concentration of nitrate and phosphate parameters during 8 sampling periods (2018-2019) from the lagoon water and 6 stations of Dahaneh-ye Chopoghli, Miyan Ghaleh, Bandar-e-Gaz, Gharehsu, Ismaeilsay and Galogah were introduced as the input to the model. Calibration and validation of the model were done using 4 primary and secondary statistical periods, respectively. The performance evaluation of the model based on the three indices of R2, RMSE and CP showed the acceptable performance of the model in simulating the studied parameters. The simulated nitrate concentration in all stations was within the permissible range (1.81-32.42). The concentration of phosphate was on the other hand higher than the allowed range (0.016-0.070) in all stations, which indicates the deterioration of water quality in the lagoon. Therefore, the correct management of wastewater discharge from different centers, quantitative and qualitative monitoring of the Wetland water, and the use of organic fertilizers in agricultural lands and aquaculture farms can control and prevent the increase of phosphate and nitrate pollution in the Wetland.

Introduction: Nitrate and phosphate can be considered as nutrient limiting of primary production and affecting on eutrophication in surface water. Even momentary increase in the nutrient can stimulate tremendous growth and productivity. Phosphorus limitation dominates in tropical terrestrial (because of effects of soil age) and marine ecosystems (because of effects of sequestration in calcareous sediments) while nitrogen limitation is raised in primary production and eutrophication in many estuarine areas. Although the effects of nutrient loading have been less studied in wetland ecosystems but they can strongly affected, by eutrophication. The coastal wetland of Caspian Sea (Gomishan) due to the expansion of drainage systems, urbanization, wastewater and aquaculture, are exposed was the eutrophication occurrence in coast, and rarely been studied. Furthermore, the residence time and climate change affect the eutrophication patterns in different coastal ecosystems. According to these issues, the necessity of this study was obvious in order to determine role limiting of nitrate and phosphate in Gomishan international wetland. In this paper, the relationship between Chlorophyll concentrations, phosphate, nitrate and turbidity and some environmental factors such as water temp, salinity, pH, have been studied. Matherials and Methods: Gomishan international wetland is located in the north of Iran. The wetland from the west separated by a very narrow sandy strip, from the sea. Therefore, almost all its water is supplied through sea communication channels. Sampling in this study during May to September was done and were in six stations along the Gomishan wetlands that were sensitive to loading nutrient, including: estuarine of Gorganrud River (St2), drainage channel of Gomishan City(St3), overflow channel of Alagol international wetland (St4), input (St6) and output (St5)channels of shrimp site and border area of Magtymguly ( St7). Also, was selected one station of Caspian Sea. Some physical-environmental factors like salinity, pH, turbidity, water temperature, were measured by multiparameter portable system. In the laboratory, the nutrients were measured by a spectrophotometer (Hach Company). Furthermore, 0. 5 L phytoplankton sample water from each station, was filtered by vacuum pump (0. 45 µ filter paper) in the laboratory. Finally, the absorption of the extracts was read at the wavelengths of chlorophyll a pigments by a spectrophotometer and calculated using trichromatic method. The Linear regression and Pearson’ s correlation between the nutrients and chlorophyll a were determined by SPSS. Discussion of Results: The physic-chemical parameters are the major factors that control the dynamics and structure of the phytoplankton of aquatic ecosystem. Seasonal variations in these parameters have an important role in the distribution, periodicity and quantitative and qualitative composition of the species that live within them. According to the results of physico-chemical parameters in this study, non algal turbidity was high in the Gorganroud estuarine (S2) and the border area of Magtymguly (S7), in addition to Caspian Sea (S1) (Fig 1and2 a). So by reducing it during the study period, the availability rate of orthophosphate was increased (Fig 1and2 c). Non algal turbidity can produce low algal chlorophyll-to-nutrient ratios and cause a lack of relationship between chlorophyll and phosphorus in some regions. Effluent of industrial parks and human wastewater was the main reasons of high turbidity in S2. Furthermore, in stations mentioned above, in September compared to August, between increasing the concentration of Chla and nitrate and decreasing in orthophosphate, there was a positive correlation. Because nitrogen availability may boost the non-nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial, and as result nitrogen played the limiting role. S2 and S7 respectively, were the southernmost and northernmost stations in Gomishan wetland. Changes of hydrological parameters during the study period at some stations In other studied stations, including drainage channel of Gomishan (S3), overflow channel of Alagol (S4) and input (S5) and output (S6) of shrimp site, between the increase of turbidity, Chla and orthophosphate there was a positive relationship. As a result, phosphorus played the limiting role in these stations. Furthermore, in S3 and S4, that were central stations of wetland, in September compared to August, nitrate concentration was low and orthophosphate was high (Fig 3 and 4 d, c). This issue showed, in the nitrogen resource constraints, as soon as obtaining a small amount of phosphate resources, N/P decreased, and blooms of cyanobacteria level increased in September (Fig 3 and 4 b). Significant increase of nutrients especially phosphate, indicated the development process of urbanization and wastewater, non-normative increase of aquaculture and farming activities that was effective on hydrologic drought of wetland. Furthermore, the results of Pearson correlation and Linear regression showed the significant correlation of orthophosphate with log Chla (P<0. 01). This correlation between orthophosphate and turbidity was significant at level p <0. 05. According to results of us, coastal wetlands such as Gomishan that entered freshwater inputs and wastwater to them, the role of phosphorus is more effective than nitrate. Low depth of wetland also is affecte on phosphate loading, and caused the eutrophication especially was in S3 and St4. The impact of global warming process in climate conditions of Caspian area, along with increasing human and agriculture activities in the catchment area of Caspian Sea, of is reasons the shallow been of Gomishan wetland in recent years. Changes of hydrological parameters during the study period at some stations In continuation the process of shoal Gomishan international wetland based on mentioned reasons, the possibility of dystrophy could be expected in this area that dangerous consequences of environmental and its climate at the local and global level is obvious for experts. The occurrence possible of dust storms and salt dust, especially in Golestan province and adjacent areas of the most important them. So it seems restoring of Gomishan wetland that acts as a buffer between land and sea, is essential to create a dynamic ecological balance. According to Table 1 and the mean of hydrologic parameters, salinity was recorded 31. 2 ppt in Gomishan wetland. As result, it can be considered as the saline systems. Althogh, the wetland water comes mainly from the Caspian Sea, but due to the shallow depth and condition of dry and semi-dry of Turkmen Sahra plain that led increased the surface evaporation, salty geological formations (Clay), also, urban drainage channels, was observed the amounts solutes of high in wetland compared to Caspian Sea, especially in summer. In addition to, according to the measurement of Chla concentration during May-September (Table1), eutrophication status showed eutrophic level in Gomishan wetland. Table1. The mean of physicochemical and biological parameters in the Gomishan wetland phosphate Ortho mg/l Nitrate mg/l Chlorophyll a μ g/l Turbidity NTU Salinity ppt PH Water temperature C° DO mg/l 0. 07 1. 5 43. 97 46. 5 31. 2 8. 1 29. 7 6. 15 Conclusions: We conclude that algal density changes resulting in algal blooms, which are cause wetland water quality degradation may be predicted based on timely sampling and analysis of key water quality parameters especially phosphate. Also for controlling runoff, prevent of development the open drainage channels is essential which abundantly have been seen around the wetland. Furthermore, interpretation of observed chla concentration, not limited to the inputs and or sediment composition in local scale, because the climate changes also were effective.

Underground water Resources constitute of in about 6% of the Earth's water . About 60% of potable water in most cities is supplied from groundwater resources. underground water Resources also provide more than 80%of drinking water of Gorgan's city growing and populous.so It is not only the quantity of underground water but the quality of these Resources is important. With increasing population growth and urban activity, Industrial and agricultural, underground water Are at risk of pollution. The objectives of this study are to determine the spatial distribution of water quality parameters(nitrite and phosphate) And Gorgan's underground water quality in terms of these two parameters by using the results of obtained map by geostatistical method of kriging. According to available statistics, Sewer services facility of gorgan in 1385,provided Qualitative analysis of 21 wells from 24 wells in the East region of Gorgan. In this study, available qualitative analysis, was performed on Kriging basis. In this study, used kriging method that  is optimal interpolation method for Spatial distribution of underground water quality parameters. results indicate that phosphate levels in the study area increased from south to north, Whereas amount of nitrite in the northeast and southwest of the study area is higher than other areas.

In different industries, protective oils are applied temporarily on the metal substrates to prevent corrosion damages. This layer should be removed before applying organic coatings. Alkali solution and solvent wash are the most frequently methods to remove oil from surface. Aforesaid methods can not remove this layer perfectly. As a result, always some residual protective oil remains on the metal surface. In this work the effect of this layer on properties of automotive phosphate layer was investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and weight of phosphate layer. It was seen that oil pollution reduced the homogeneity of phosphate layer, changed the crystal shape of phosphate layer and decreased the weight of phosphate layer. In addition, the effect of residual oil on the different physical-mechanical properties of coating systems was investigated. It was seen that residual oil improved bending, cupping and impact properties of coating due to diffusion of the residual oil in coating layer. In the other hand, corrosion resistance decreased because of adhesion failure.

Objective Compared to other primary photosynthetic products (such as sucrose and starch), little is known about sugar metabolism and how it is integrated with others. Mannose-6-phosphate reductase (M6PR) is a key enzyme involved in mannitol biosynthesis in celery. This study aimed to clone the gene, express and purify the M6PR enzyme and investigate its function on mutated genes in a laboratory environment. Materials and methods First, the mRNA was extracted from the celery plant, then the cDNA was synthesized, and the product was used as a template to amplify the M6PR gene. The PCR product was purified in a DNA gel extraction kit. The purified PCR product was cloned into the pTZ57R vector according to the T/A Cloning recipe (Fermentase Company). Susceptible cells of E.coli strain Top10 were prepared using the biochemical method of calcium chloride, and the recombinant vector inside it was transformed and cultured on a plate containing ampicillin. The cloning accuracy was done using M6PR gene PCR and enzymatic digestion of the recombinant plasmid by BamHI and SacI enzymes (Fermentase Company). The M6PR gene was homogenized in the expression plasmid pET32a and transferred into E.coli strain BL2I. The promoter was induced with IPTG and analyzed by western blotting. The protein was purified by affinity chromatography column (His. Tag/S.Tag). Results The results showed that the enzyme could identify the heteroduplex regions of the gene. The recombinant M6PR purified from Escherichia coli had specific molecular activity. The results of double digestion of the plasmid with SacI and BamHI enzymes were 2870 bp and 186 bp fragments. According to the blast test result, the current fragment had 100% similarity with the M6PR gene of the celery plant. M6PR recombinant gene transcription results showed that the M6PR recombinant gene transcription rate was 2.3 in the transgenic strains and 0.32 in control, which showed a statistically significant difference at the P<0.01 level. After induction of the promoter and sampling at different times, the samples on the SDS-PAGE gel showed a protein band in the region of 42 kDa, indicating the protein's successful expression. Conclusions Homology of M6PR enzyme gene obtained from celery plant and then recombinant production of this enzyme in the laboratory can lead to its high expression in the prokaryotic system so that the enzyme has activity. Also, the present study showed that plant enzymes are active when expressed in bacteria and can be used as a suitable source to accelerate catabolic activity.

Background and Objectives: In recent years, water pollution has caused damage to the environment, organisms, and humans. Phosphate can be named as one of these pollutants. Phosphate is a major nutrient contributing to eutrophication in water bodies and the resulting harm to organisms and even humans. This research investigated the phytoremediation potential of Nasturtium officinale in removing phosphate from water sources. Materials and Methods: Experiments were conducted in situ in a stream downstream of Taleghan Dam using synthetic wastewater at two concentrations: 5 and 10 mg/L. Samples were analyzed using a colorimetric method. Results: The results showed that in autumn and spring, the phosphate concentration decreased after 60 minutes compared to the initial concentration introduced into the chamber. However, in winter, phosphate release back into the water by the plant was observed. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results and evidence, and considering factors such as environmental conditions, seasonal changes, variable nutrient levels, and luxury consumption, it can be said that Nasturtium officinale (Watercress) is an efficient phosphate remover in water resources. This plant can be used for treating wastewater and phosphate-containing water sources to prevent the adverse effects of this pollutant.

1. Introduction: Industrialization and growth of population during the last century has led to destruction of many ecosystems used by mankind. Entrance of different kinds of sewage to open water and rivers is known as the first factor reducing the quality of water resource available for mankind. The volume of pollutants in the sewage including total suspended solid, biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, reached tens of thousands milligrams per liter (Chan et al., 2009). Generally, in order to achieve sustainable economic development, water resources and wastewater management are necessary. Hence, it is necessary to use cost effective methods beside practical methods. Using microalgae for treatment of different kinds of municipal, agricultural and industrial wastewater is an affordable method (de Godos et al., 2010,Di Termini et al., 2011,Muñ, oz and Guieysse, 2006). Nowadays using microalgae in wastewater treatment has gained lots of attention, since microalgae can produce large amounts of biomass in order to attain valuable products and energy besides wastewater treatment and also prevent carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere. Furthermore, treatment of different kinds of wastewater by means of microalgae is an environmental friendly method, because in this process no secondary pollutant is produced. The produced biomass is also recycled and used (Olguin, 2003,Rawat et al., 2011). . .

Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs), using B-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP, Ca3 (P04)2), dicalcium phosphate (DCP, CaHP04), calcium carbonate (Ca CO3), and hydroxylapatite (HAp, Ca10(P04)6(OH)2) as powder cement and disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HP04) solution as liquid component were prepared. After mixing the powder and liquid constituents, injectable and self-setting calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) were prepared with different liquid to powder ratios (UP) that formed hydroxylapatite and ß-tricalcium phosphate as the only end products, which were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM techniques. The results showed that, at certain concentration of Na2HP04 (6 wt%), the initial and final setting times decreased by decreasing the UP ratio.

Phosphorus is one of the major plant nutrients that is least available in the soil. There are two components of P in soil, organic and inorganic phosphate. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) are soil and rhizosphere bacteria that can benefit plant growth by different mechanisms. The ability of some microorganisms to convert insoluble P to an accessible form, like orthophosphate, is an important trait in a PGPR for increasing plant yields. The use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria as inoculants simultaneously increases P uptake by the plant and crop yield. Strains from the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Pantoea and Rhizobium are among the most powerful phosphate solubilizers. The principal mechanism for mineral phosphate solubilization is the production of organic acids, and acid phosphatases play a major role in the mineralization of organic phosphorous in soil. The main method for isolation PSB is carrying out by using insoluble organic and inorganic phosphate source in solid or liquid media with monitoring of production of free orthophosphate and decreasing pH in liquid media or production halo zone around colonies or production green, blue and yellow colonies in presence of chromogenic substrates in solid media. Although knowledge of the genetics of phosphate solubilization is still scanty, several phosphatase-encoding genes have been cloned and characterized and a few genes involved in mineral phosphate solubilization have been isolated. Molecular biology methods are a benefit approach to access and characterization of improved PGPR. Transfer and expression of phosphate (organic and inorganic phosphate) solvent encoding genes in bacteria or plants, is a new way for improving of microorganism capacitance as an inoculant.